Deprecated: preg_match(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($subject) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/lbfactory/LBFactory.php on line 759
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 262
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::open($save_path, $session_name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 181
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 196
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::read($id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 210
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::write($id, $dataStr) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 238
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::destroy($id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 344
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\PHPSessionHandler::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php on line 365
Deprecated: strcasecmp(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string1) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/CookieSessionProvider.php on line 101
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 262
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 593
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 599
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 611
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 605
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 623
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 617
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 633
Deprecated: Return type of & MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 646
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 656
Deprecated: Return type of MediaWiki\Session\Session::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/Session.php on line 661
Deprecated: Message implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/language/Message.php on line 161
Deprecated: MapCacheLRU implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/MapCacheLRU.php on line 38
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: RawMessage implements the Serializable interface, which is deprecated. Implement __serialize() and __unserialize() instead (or in addition, if support for old PHP versions is necessary) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/RawMessage.php on line 35
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Parser::$scribunto_engine is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/extensions/Scribunto/includes/common/Hooks.php on line 81
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php:35) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/changes/ChannelFeed.php on line 95
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php:35) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/changes/ChannelFeed.php on line 100
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php:35) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/WebResponse.php on line 74
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php:35) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/WebResponse.php on line 74
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php:35) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/WebResponse.php on line 74
Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/session/PHPSessionHandler.php:35) in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/WebResponse.php on line 74
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578 http://www.mysolutions.tecnico.ulisboa.pt//mysolutions/wiki/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=RadiareRadiare - Histórico de revisões2025-08-18T22:55:30ZHistórico de edições para esta página nesta wikiMediaWiki 1.35.2 Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578 http://www.mysolutions.tecnico.ulisboa.pt//wiki/index.php?title=Radiare&diff=854&oldid=prevIst165721: /* A experiência no e-lab */2015-12-31T23:44:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">A experiência no e-lab</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisão anterior</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisão das 23h44min de 31 de dezembro de 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39" >Linha 39:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 39:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A distância entre a amostra e o material escolhido é sempre a mesma, mas o utilizador pode escolher posicionar o detector a diferentes alturas, mudando a distância amostra / detector. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A distância entre a amostra e o material escolhido é sempre a mesma, mas o utilizador pode escolher posicionar o detector a diferentes alturas, mudando a distância amostra / detector. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RadiareControlo.png|thumb|]] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RadiareControlo.png|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sala de controlo da experiência ''Radiare''.</ins>]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Na sala de controlo temos 3 parâmetros que podemos modificar:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Na sala de controlo temos 3 parâmetros que podemos modificar:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l46" >Linha 46:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 46:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*O material a usar.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*O material a usar.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RadiareOutput.png|thumb|]] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RadiareOutput.png|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">O output do detector.</ins>]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Assim que corremos a experiência, vemos este número. O que é que significa? Este é o número de eventos que o dector “viu” durante 1 segundo. Este número por sí só não nos diz muito: pode ser tentador usa-lo directamente, mas não o de-vemos fazer. Porque o decaimento é um evento aleatório, pode haver mais núcleos a decair num determinado intervalo do que no seguinte. A lei do decaimento dita que a MÉDIA do número de decaimentos tende para um certo valor. Por esta razão o e-lab regista várias amostras em intervalos definidos.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Assim que corremos a experiência, vemos este número. O que é que significa? Este é o número de eventos que o dector “viu” durante 1 segundo. Este número por sí só não nos diz muito: pode ser tentador usa-lo directamente, mas não o de-vemos fazer. Porque o decaimento é um evento aleatório, pode haver mais núcleos a decair num determinado intervalo do que no seguinte. A lei do decaimento dita que a MÉDIA do número de decaimentos tende para um certo valor. Por esta razão o e-lab regista várias amostras em intervalos definidos.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l55" >Linha 55:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 55:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vamos usar programa Microsoft Excel, mas qualquer programa de folha de cálculo (LibreOffice, OpenOffice, etc) funcio-na de uma maneira semelhante. Selecionamos a coluna com os resultados pretendidos e copiamos para uma nova folha. Este programa tem um menu próprio para inserir um histograma. Selecionamos os valores, escolhemos a opção adequada e voilà. Temos assim um histograma. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vamos usar programa Microsoft Excel, mas qualquer programa de folha de cálculo (LibreOffice, OpenOffice, etc) funcio-na de uma maneira semelhante. Selecionamos a coluna com os resultados pretendidos e copiamos para uma nova folha. Este programa tem um menu próprio para inserir um histograma. Selecionamos os valores, escolhemos a opção adequada e voilà. Temos assim um histograma. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RadiareExcel.png|thumb|]] </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:RadiareExcel.png|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">O histograma criado a partir da tabela de exmplo, no programa Microsoft Excel.</ins>]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Para obtermos a média e o desvio padrão, fazemos MEAN ou MEDIA e STDEV ou DESV, respectivamente. A média da distribuição dá-nos uma ideia mais correcta da actividade da amostra, e é este valor que devemos usar para comparar os vários materiais</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Para obtermos a média e o desvio padrão, fazemos MEAN ou MEDIA e STDEV ou DESV, respectivamente. A média da distribuição dá-nos uma ideia mais correcta da actividade da amostra, e é este valor que devemos usar para comparar os vários materiais</div></td></tr>
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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578 http://www.mysolutions.tecnico.ulisboa.pt//wiki/index.php?title=Radiare&diff=852&oldid=prevIst165721: Imagens.2015-12-31T23:40:12Z<p>Imagens.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisão anterior</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisão das 23h40min de 31 de dezembro de 2015</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Linha 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Introdução teórica=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Navegação:''' [[Página principal|Mysolutions]] > [[MOOC FEX]] > Radiare</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=Introdução teórica<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nesta experiência vamos debruçar-nos sobre um conceito bastante comum na natureza, os eventos aleatórios, e vamos estudar uma das ferramentas mais comuns para estudar estes fenómenos: o histograma.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nesta experiência vamos debruçar-nos sobre um conceito bastante comum na natureza, os eventos aleatórios, e vamos estudar uma das ferramentas mais comuns para estudar estes fenómenos: o histograma.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A definição de evento aleatório cai fora do âmbito deste curso, mas no dia a dia temos vários exemplos: os números da lotaria, EXEMPLO, EXEMPLO, EXEMPLO...</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A definição de evento aleatório cai fora do âmbito deste curso, mas no dia a dia temos vários exemplos: os números da lotaria, EXEMPLO, EXEMPLO, EXEMPLO...</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Um dos primeiros eventos aleatórios com que um estudante de física é confrontado é o decaimento radioactivo. Mas <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an-tes</del>, uma pequena experiência para fazer em casa. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Um dos primeiros eventos aleatórios com que um estudante de física é confrontado é o decaimento radioactivo. Mas <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">antes</ins>, uma pequena experiência para fazer em casa. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=A experiência em casa=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=A experiência em casa<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Em casa, sugerimos uma experiência simples de lançar X dados múltiplas vezes. O tipo mais comum de dados é o D6 (mostrar foto), mas esta experiência pode ser feita com qualquer tipo (mostrar imagens de outros tipos de dados). Em cada lançamento registamos o valor da soma das faces. Ao lançar 18 vezes, ficamos com esta lista de valores:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Em casa, sugerimos uma experiência simples de lançar X dados múltiplas vezes. O tipo mais comum de dados é o D6 (mostrar foto), mas esta experiência pode ser feita com qualquer tipo (mostrar imagens de outros tipos de dados). Em cada lançamento registamos o valor da soma das faces. Ao lançar 18 vezes, ficamos com esta lista de valores:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14" >Linha 14:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 16:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ao apresentarmos os dados desta forma não dizem nada. É aqui que entra o histograma. Em vez de simplesmente escre-ver o valor, vamos representa-lo graficamente.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ao apresentarmos os dados desta forma não dizem nada. É aqui que entra o histograma. Em vez de simplesmente escre-ver o valor, vamos representa-lo graficamente.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eixos já desenhados</del>) Em vez disso, vamos construir um gráfico. No eixo horizontal temos os valores possíveis. No vertical, o nº de vezes que observamos esse valor. Cada vez que aparece, colorimos uma quadricula.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Video da construção do histograma.</ins>) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Em vez disso, vamos construir um gráfico. No eixo horizontal temos os valores possíveis. No vertical, o nº de vezes que observamos esse valor. Cada vez que aparece, colorimos uma quadricula.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fazemos agora uma 2ª experiência, desta vez com mais lançamentos, 36: (gráfico já feito ou time lapse do lançar os <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">da-dos </del>/ desenhar)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Fazemos agora uma 2ª experiência, desta vez com mais lançamentos, 36: (gráfico já feito ou time lapse do lançar os <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dados </ins>/ desenhar)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Uma 3ª, agora com 48:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Uma 3ª, agora com 48:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l22" >Linha 22:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 26:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Como podemos ver, a distribuição dos resultados aproxima-se cada vez mais de uma curva normal (também conhecida como Gaussiana). Quanto mais lançamentos forem registados, mais próximo o histograma fica da curva. É isto que signi-fica limite da distribuição, mais isso fica fora do âmbito deste curso.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Como podemos ver, a distribuição dos resultados aproxima-se cada vez mais de uma curva normal (também conhecida como Gaussiana). Quanto mais lançamentos forem registados, mais próximo o histograma fica da curva. É isto que signi-fica limite da distribuição, mais isso fica fora do âmbito deste curso.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PERGUNTAS: média da distribuição? Desvio padrão? Porque somamos vários dados em vez de lançar apenas um e <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regis-tar </del>a face?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PERGUNTAS: média da distribuição? Desvio padrão? Porque somamos vários dados em vez de lançar apenas um e <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">registar </ins>a face?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=A experiência no e-lab=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=A experiência no e-lab<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chega agora o momento de estudar o decaimento radioactivo, que já foi aludido. Este fenómeno é aleatório porque não há nenhuma lei que defina quando é que um determinado núcleo irá decair. Apenas conseguimos aproximar quantos nú-cleos decaem num determinado intervalo de tempo, se conhecermos algumas informações sobre a amostra e o elemento em causa.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chega agora o momento de estudar o decaimento radioactivo, que já foi aludido. Este fenómeno é aleatório porque não há nenhuma lei que defina quando é que um determinado núcleo irá decair. Apenas conseguimos aproximar quantos nú-cleos decaem num determinado intervalo de tempo, se conhecermos algumas informações sobre a amostra e o elemento em causa.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l35" >Linha 35:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 39:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A distância entre a amostra e o material escolhido é sempre a mesma, mas o utilizador pode escolher posicionar o detector a diferentes alturas, mudando a distância amostra / detector. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A distância entre a amostra e o material escolhido é sempre a mesma, mas o utilizador pode escolher posicionar o detector a diferentes alturas, mudando a distância amostra / detector. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:RadiareControlo.png|thumb|]] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Na sala de controlo temos 3 parâmetros que podemos modificar:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Na sala de controlo temos 3 parâmetros que podemos modificar:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l42" >Linha 42:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 46:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*O material a usar.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*O material a usar.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:RadiareOutput.png|thumb|]] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(screen do output do contador)</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Assim que corremos a experiência, vemos este número. O que é que significa? Este é o número de eventos que o dector “viu” durante 1 segundo. Este número por sí só não nos diz muito: pode ser tentador usa-lo directamente, mas não o de-vemos fazer. Porque o decaimento é um evento aleatório, pode haver mais núcleos a decair num determinado intervalo do que no seguinte. A lei do decaimento dita que a MÉDIA do número de decaimentos tende para um certo valor. Por esta razão o e-lab regista várias amostras em intervalos definidos.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Assim que corremos a experiência, vemos este número. O que é que significa? Este é o número de eventos que o dector “viu” durante 1 segundo. Este número por sí só não nos diz muito: pode ser tentador usa-lo directamente, mas não o de-vemos fazer. Porque o decaimento é um evento aleatório, pode haver mais núcleos a decair num determinado intervalo do que no seguinte. A lei do decaimento dita que a MÉDIA do número de decaimentos tende para um certo valor. Por esta razão o e-lab regista várias amostras em intervalos definidos.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tabela </ins>de resultados</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(tabela </del>de resultados <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/ exportar)</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No final obtemos uma tabela com X linhas, em que X é o número de amostras pedidas. Podemos gravar a tabela o que nos deixa com um ficheiro CSV. Se tiver dificuldades em extrair a informação deste ficheiro, temos um tutorial na página com as configurações necessárias.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No final obtemos uma tabela com X linhas, em que X é o número de amostras pedidas. Podemos gravar a tabela o que nos deixa com um ficheiro CSV. Se tiver dificuldades em extrair a informação deste ficheiro, temos um tutorial na página com as configurações necessárias.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l53" >Linha 53:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Linha 55:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vamos usar programa Microsoft Excel, mas qualquer programa de folha de cálculo (LibreOffice, OpenOffice, etc) funcio-na de uma maneira semelhante. Selecionamos a coluna com os resultados pretendidos e copiamos para uma nova folha. Este programa tem um menu próprio para inserir um histograma. Selecionamos os valores, escolhemos a opção adequada e voilà. Temos assim um histograma. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Vamos usar programa Microsoft Excel, mas qualquer programa de folha de cálculo (LibreOffice, OpenOffice, etc) funcio-na de uma maneira semelhante. Selecionamos a coluna com os resultados pretendidos e copiamos para uma nova folha. Este programa tem um menu próprio para inserir um histograma. Selecionamos os valores, escolhemos a opção adequada e voilà. Temos assim um histograma. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:RadiareExcel.png|thumb|]] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Para obtermos a média e o desvio padrão, fazemos MEAN ou MEDIA e STDEV ou DESV, respectivamente. A média da distribuição dá-nos uma ideia mais correcta da actividade da amostra, e é este valor que devemos usar para comparar os vários materiais</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Para obtermos a média e o desvio padrão, fazemos MEAN ou MEDIA e STDEV ou DESV, respectivamente. A média da distribuição dá-nos uma ideia mais correcta da actividade da amostra, e é este valor que devemos usar para comparar os vários materiais</div></td></tr>
</table>Ist165721 Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578
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Deprecated: strlen(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/rdbms/database/Database.php on line 578 http://www.mysolutions.tecnico.ulisboa.pt//wiki/index.php?title=Radiare&diff=763&oldid=prevIst165721: Texto inicial2015-12-25T14:57:51Z<p>Texto inicial</p>
<p><b>Página nova</b></p><div>=Introdução teórica=<br />
Nesta experiência vamos debruçar-nos sobre um conceito bastante comum na natureza, os eventos aleatórios, e vamos estudar uma das ferramentas mais comuns para estudar estes fenómenos: o histograma.<br />
<br />
A definição de evento aleatório cai fora do âmbito deste curso, mas no dia a dia temos vários exemplos: os números da lotaria, EXEMPLO, EXEMPLO, EXEMPLO...<br />
<br />
Um dos primeiros eventos aleatórios com que um estudante de física é confrontado é o decaimento radioactivo. Mas an-tes, uma pequena experiência para fazer em casa. <br />
<br />
<br />
=A experiência em casa=<br />
Em casa, sugerimos uma experiência simples de lançar X dados múltiplas vezes. O tipo mais comum de dados é o D6 (mostrar foto), mas esta experiência pode ser feita com qualquer tipo (mostrar imagens de outros tipos de dados). Em cada lançamento registamos o valor da soma das faces. Ao lançar 18 vezes, ficamos com esta lista de valores:<br />
<br />
(imagem dos números escritos)<br />
<br />
Ao apresentarmos os dados desta forma não dizem nada. É aqui que entra o histograma. Em vez de simplesmente escre-ver o valor, vamos representa-lo graficamente.<br />
<br />
(eixos já desenhados) Em vez disso, vamos construir um gráfico. No eixo horizontal temos os valores possíveis. No vertical, o nº de vezes que observamos esse valor. Cada vez que aparece, colorimos uma quadricula.<br />
<br />
Fazemos agora uma 2ª experiência, desta vez com mais lançamentos, 36: (gráfico já feito ou time lapse do lançar os da-dos / desenhar)<br />
<br />
Uma 3ª, agora com 48:<br />
<br />
Como podemos ver, a distribuição dos resultados aproxima-se cada vez mais de uma curva normal (também conhecida como Gaussiana). Quanto mais lançamentos forem registados, mais próximo o histograma fica da curva. É isto que signi-fica limite da distribuição, mais isso fica fora do âmbito deste curso.<br />
<br />
PERGUNTAS: média da distribuição? Desvio padrão? Porque somamos vários dados em vez de lançar apenas um e regis-tar a face?<br />
<br />
<br />
=A experiência no e-lab=<br />
<br />
Chega agora o momento de estudar o decaimento radioactivo, que já foi aludido. Este fenómeno é aleatório porque não há nenhuma lei que defina quando é que um determinado núcleo irá decair. Apenas conseguimos aproximar quantos nú-cleos decaem num determinado intervalo de tempo, se conhecermos algumas informações sobre a amostra e o elemento em causa.<br />
Para esta experiência usamos a sala de controlo Radiare. Esta é uma das experiências que mostra a força do e-lab: são raras as escolas básicas ou secundárias que têm acesso a amostras radioactivas.<br />
<br />
(vídeo da montagem a mexer-se)<br />
<br />
A montagem é composta por um detector de Geiger-Müller posicionado por cima de uma amostra radioactiva de Amerício 95. Entre o detector e a amostra, temos um tapete com várias amostras. Cada uma dessas posições corresponde um mate-rial diferente.<br />
A distância entre a amostra e o material escolhido é sempre a mesma, mas o utilizador pode escolher posicionar o detector a diferentes alturas, mudando a distância amostra / detector. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Na sala de controlo temos 3 parâmetros que podemos modificar:<br />
*Altura do detector;<br />
*Número de amostras a registar;<br />
*O material a usar.<br />
<br />
<br />
(screen do output do contador)<br />
<br />
Assim que corremos a experiência, vemos este número. O que é que significa? Este é o número de eventos que o dector “viu” durante 1 segundo. Este número por sí só não nos diz muito: pode ser tentador usa-lo directamente, mas não o de-vemos fazer. Porque o decaimento é um evento aleatório, pode haver mais núcleos a decair num determinado intervalo do que no seguinte. A lei do decaimento dita que a MÉDIA do número de decaimentos tende para um certo valor. Por esta razão o e-lab regista várias amostras em intervalos definidos.<br />
<br />
(tabela de resultados / exportar)<br />
<br />
No final obtemos uma tabela com X linhas, em que X é o número de amostras pedidas. Podemos gravar a tabela o que nos deixa com um ficheiro CSV. Se tiver dificuldades em extrair a informação deste ficheiro, temos um tutorial na página com as configurações necessárias.<br />
<br />
Vamos usar programa Microsoft Excel, mas qualquer programa de folha de cálculo (LibreOffice, OpenOffice, etc) funcio-na de uma maneira semelhante. Selecionamos a coluna com os resultados pretendidos e copiamos para uma nova folha. Este programa tem um menu próprio para inserir um histograma. Selecionamos os valores, escolhemos a opção adequada e voilà. Temos assim um histograma. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Para obtermos a média e o desvio padrão, fazemos MEAN ou MEDIA e STDEV ou DESV, respectivamente. A média da distribuição dá-nos uma ideia mais correcta da actividade da amostra, e é este valor que devemos usar para comparar os vários materiais<br />
<br />
Os protocolos sugeridos implicam fazer este processo várias vezes (uma para cada configuração).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
PERGUNTAS: Qual é a semi-espessura do cobre?</div>Ist165721 Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in /afs/ist.utl.pt/groups/mysolutions/web/wiki/includes/libs/objectcache/MediumSpecificBagOStuff.php on line 893
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